Vol. 30-31/2021-2022 Nr 60
okładka czasopisma Child Neurology
powiększenie okładki
Journal Info

CHILD NEUROLOGY

Journal of the Polish Society of Child Neurologists

PL ISSN 1230-3690
e-ISSN 2451-1897
DOI 10.20966
Semiannual


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The neurology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder


Problemy neurologiczne w ADHD




Department of Neuroscience, Pediatric Neurology Unit, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Italy

Neurol Dziec 2008; 17, 34: 15-20
Full text PDF The neurology of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder



ABSTRACT
ADHD is a brain based disorder with structural and functional abnormalities in widespread but specific areas of the brain. The most significant and consistent structural imaging findings include smaller total brain volumes, and reduced volumes in the right frontal lobe, right parietal cortex, caudate nucleus, cerebellar hemispheres, and posterior-inferior lobules of the cerebellar vermis. ADHD involves hypofunction of catecholaminergic circuits, particularly those that project to the prefrontal cortex. A minimum of 18 genes have been reported to be associated with the disorder; among them the DRD4 7-repeat allele has been found associated with a thinner prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex. Epigenetic factors acting during critical periods of prenatal and postnatal development may interact with genetic determinants. Methylphenidate, as well as the catecholaminergic non stimulant atomoxetine, are effective in improving ADHD symptoms.

Key words: ADHD, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, neural circuits


STRESZCZENIE
ADHD jest zaburzeniem OUN, w którym stwierdza się zarówno obecność zmian czynnościowych jak i organicznych w obrębie mózgowia. Najbardziej znamienną zmianą strukturalną OUN jest zmniejszenie objętości mózgu, przede wszystkim prawego płata czołowego, kory prawego płata ciemieniowego, jądra ogoniastego, półkuli móżdżku jak również tylno - dolnych płacików robaka móżdżku. W ADHD obserwuje się również zmniejszenie aktywności katecholaminergicznej. Etiologia ADHD nie jest do końca poznana. W trakcie poszukiwań uwarunkowań genetycznych tego zespołu wykazano aż 18 genów zaangażowanych jego powstawanie. Istotną rolę odgrywają też czynniki pozagenetyczne oddziaływujące na OUN w okresie pre- i postnatalnym. W leczeniu ADHD stosuje się metylphenidat oraz atomoksetynę, które są lekami o udowodnionej skuteczności w powyższym zespole.

Słowa kluczowe: ADHD, neuroobrazowanie, neuropsychologia.


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